Fate of Freewill Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fate of Freewill - Essay Example The text explores a variety of themes, including fate vs. free will, as well as religious concerns related to Anglo-Saxon belief and Christian ideology. This essay examines these themes and argues that they demonstrate Beowulf is a text that embraces free will most firmly. Fate and free both play prominent roles in Beowulf. Ostensibly, the poem embraces the notion of fate. In these regards, the poet indicates that God controls the characters’ actions. The poem states, â€Å"Fate goes ever as fate must† (31). This statement refers to the notion of fate as dictating the lives and actions of the main characters. While the epic poem ostensibly embraces fate, in other instances, it seems to adopt an epistemological outlook that indicates the characters are responsible for their actions. One considers that the poem states, â€Å"And a young prince must be prudent like that, giving freely while his father lives so that afterwards in age when fighting starts steadfast companions will stand by him and hold the line. Behavior that’s admired is the path to power among people everywhere† (20-25). This statement considers the nature of behavior in warrior society. The emphasis on behavior is a clear embracement of the notion of human fr ee will. Ultimately, both fate and free will are exemplified in the poem. Beowulf also explores Anglo-Saxon and Christian religious ideology. The contrasting position of religious ideology and Anglo-Saxon belief in the story seems to indicate that the text most comprehensively embraces free will. Christian ideology is a prominent part of the text, as God is viewed as overseeing the action in the story. Additionally, the importance of being humble is viewed as deriving from Christian ideology. In this way, Christian ideology is woven into the very fabric of the text. In addition to these elements, however, Anglo-Saxon elements are considered that at times are not

David Hare & Skylight Essay Example for Free

David Hare Skylight Essay Skylight by David Hare is a post 1914, post Thatcher drama, dealing with matters of life, love and circumstance. It is set in a small, well lived in, flat, Northwest London, where Kyra, a middle aged, self-reliant teacher, lives. Tom, a guilt ridden, controlling, entrepreneur, randomly appears, at Kyras doorstep. He casually invades her privacy, wanting to rekindle past love, when success was his, after a three-year separation. The stubborn pair hold the stage for the entire 2 1/2 hours tearing away at each others deceptions and hypocrisies, except for brief but significant, visits by Toms rebellious, insecure, son Edward. This play is very contemporary, dealing with issues relevant at the time. The time is post Thatcher, although Tom still is part of the Conservative, right wing system, working for himself. Kyra, on the contrary, is a left wing, labour supporter, who helps other people. Tom is not able to put passion before political values, whereas Kyra is. David Hare structures the play quite effectively, using 2 acts and 4 scenes. The play is detailed, and probes the depths of intimacy between the 4 characters-one of whom is Alice, who we never see, but whose presence is always lurking in the form of guilt. The emotional scar has been made before the play even starts. The memory of Alice remains a sad spectre for Tom and Kyra. Edward comes right at the beginning, which is an introduction to Tom because it brings back all the memories of him. I think that when Tom reappears, Kyra may have doubted leaving him because she loves him, but she also hates part of him as well and from pg. 56 she realises that they have such different lifestyles, and are utterly incompatible. Tom: I was thinking, I could get used to this. Maybe this area isnt so bad. Over there, I was thinking, Im going to put my telly Kyra: Have you still got that big one? Tom: Oh no. Its much bigger now Its going to take up most of that wall Tom just decides that he is going to move in, without Kyras consent. Kyra doesnt actually say no though, but that is because she knows, from then on that it is all just a fantasy, she is the one in control because she realises how desperate he is for her. Neither of them can cope with Toms depression, which comes and goes with monotonous regularity, so if they stayed together, Kyra would be crushed by Tom and it would all end in disaster.

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Purpose The transition from teaching-centered to learner-centered paradigms has left few corners of higher education untouched, and study abroad is no exception (Vande Berg, Connor-Linton, & Paige, 2009). This focus on learning environments, assessment, and outcome-based learning has resulted in a call for robust quantitative research in study abroad that goes beyond traditional program evaluations and anecdotal feedback from students, faculty, and parents (Vande Berg et al., 2009; Graban, 2007; Engle & Engle, 2004; Sutton & Rubin, 2004). Whalen (2009) notes that the simultaneous trends of budgetary challenges facing U.S. higher education and institutional and national calls for the expansion of study abroad have placed paramount importance on the assessment of program learning outcomes to justify what was previously assumed to be the inherent educational merits of studying abroad. The complexity of international education and study abroad, however, creates challenges in conducting research with significant and comparable findings – especially in conducting research that goes beyond simple statistical evidence of the rapid growth of study abroad participation (Wisniewski Dietrich & Olson, 2010; Engle & Engle, 2004). These complexities include both the standardization of references to terms, program types, and learning outcomes being measured (Engle & Engle, 2003). The rise in study abroad research in the last decade (Vande Berg et al., 2009) has predominantly focused on measuring acquisition of intercultural skills, language proficiency, learning within a discipline, and specific program outcomes (Braskamp & Braskamp, 2009). However, several authors note the need for more assessment in study abroad on holistic student developm... ...ative measurement of factors that contribute to holistic development of students in study abroad programs using TQ scales. The emphasis on quantitative assessment of study abroad programs and participants in recent years has largely been led by research published in Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad, making it an ideal candidate for submission for publication. Several issues are still at large in the development of this proposal. Several of the questions present in the TQ scale refer to campus-specific items, which may be confusing to students being surveyed in a third-party study abroad provider model, because they are neither currently studying on a campus, and enrollment in the program is derived from multiple institutions. Additionally, approval for the number of program participants and program locations to be surveyed is still pending.

Misrepresentation of Mental Illnesses :: essays research papers

Misrepresentation of Mental Illnesses by Television Media   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To eliminate the partial representation of mental illnesses, television media needs to focus on all sides of this illness. The media needs to show that attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) is a legitimate disorder with effective treatments. At least one in four families in the U.S. is affected by mental illnesses. Unfortunately there is no cure for this range of illnesses, which have been around for thousands of years. Of the American adult population, 5.4 percent have a serious mental illness. These health conditions are characterized by alterations in thinking, mood, behavior, or some combination of these. They are also associated with distress and sometimes impaired functioning. In 1990 the total cost of mental health services in the U.S. was $148 billion. According to a new report by the Mental Health Foundation, one in five children suffer from a mental health problem. Attention deficit hyperactive disorder is a mental illness that is diagnosed mainly in young children and doesn’t always disappear in adulthood.† All we know is that this genetic, inherited condition [ADHD] is not due to brain damage at all but rather a variation in how the brain functions.† Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorde r (ADHD) includes symptoms and characteristics that can be placed in one of three categories: inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. These characteristics commonly leave a person with ADHD with lack of attention span, easily distracted, fidgety, struggling to stay seated, having trouble engaging in calm activities, impatient, and talking excessively or out of turn. A new study by researchers says that hyperactive children have behavioral differences due to under active parts of their brain, a biological malfunction, rather than due to way they were brought up. This was revealed by a magnetic scanning device that allowed researchers to look at the brains of children diagnosed with ADHD. These studies and statistics reinforce the claim that mental illnesses are not invented simply to justify drugging of children and a disease that needs be educated to the public for better understanding. Rather, ADHD is an illness that affects many people throughout their lives. This topic is oft en misunderstood by the public. The media and medical community need to educate the positive side of this controversy and not just show the opposing view, which often times misrepresented by the media.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to the current President of Attention Deficit Disorder Association (ADDA), the medication prescribed by a doctor cannot lead to drug abuse and addiction.

Digital Telecommunications and Network

A network is defined by Noergaard (2005) as a collection of two or more connected devices that can send or receive data. He further adds that the relationship between these connected devices in a network determines the total architecture. The purpose of this report is to understand the networked applications architectures. Two networking architectures are covered here; the client/server architecture and peer-to-peer architecture. The report first gives an outline of these two architectures and their advantages and disadvantages.It is seen that the industry divides its products on the concept of client-server model or peer-to-peer model. Some applications perform better with the former model while others perform better with the later model (Klemt 2005), 1992). Based on the understanding of this report, two separate scenarios for a basic networking application will be analysed. The idea will be to judge the type of networking architecture to be used for each scenario. Finally based on the entire analysis, a conclusion will be drawn as to which resource has to be used in what situation.Part 1: Review of Client/Server and P2P application architecture Client/Server architecture Client-network computing is one of the most basic paradigms of distributed computing, and this architecture is based on the paradigm as described by Jalote (2005). This architecture has a minimum of three components – a client, a server and a network that connects these two systems. This is a two level architecture where a client requests a service and the server provides it (Singh 2005). The server is usually accessed through a remote procedure called RPC, request of which is defined by their signature.The processing of the request is internal to the server and is transparent to the client. The client and server may be on different or same systems Advantages of client/server architecture Client server architecture using RPCs has been used for over a decade for system wide exchange com puting (Singh 2005). The main reason for this is the high level of reliability this architecture provides. It is also found that the cost of the entire system over a period of time is less than that used by other architectures.In addition, the architecture also enhances safety since any of its components can be removed without a major impact on the other system. This architecture leads to a better distribution of resources through the system. This architecture also leads to increased productivity because the front and back end distribution of processes is optimised (Jalote, 2005). Disadvantages of client/server architecture The main disadvantage of the client/server architecture is that there are multiple databases in the client/server environment, making the management and synchronizing of the data shared between them difficult.This also leads to a difficulty in software distribution and configuration management program, as the system is distributed. The cost of maintenance may als o increase because of the different networks being inter-networked. P2P architecture Peer-to-peer or P2P architecture is another way of managing distributed applications. In this method, the individual nodes have similar and comparable roles, unlike the client/server systems. In this architecture, the nodes are given roles such that both can act as client and server. This type of connection requires at least two computers connected to each other (Reid, 2004).In order to function correctly each node of the system should know the address of at least another node. Each node can directly contact the other node of the system for using its resources, without going trough the server (Heathcote & Langfield, 2004) Advantages of P2P Architecture This type of communication exists since the time of old IBM PCs. The primary advantage of a P2P network is that it is fault tolerant and there is no single location for the fault. This means that the system works well even when several of its componen ts are missing (Verma, 2004).Also the combination of processing power of multiple nodes in a network greatly increases the efficiency of the system in terms of combined processing power and storage when compared with a central server. P2P systems are hence extremely autonomous and can secure anonymity. They can be generally deployed in an ad hoc system without requiring central management or control. Finally, unlike the client/server systems there is no need for a separate network operating system (Reid, 2004). Disadvantages of P2P Architecture The manageability of peer-to-peer systems is much harder, due to the extremely distributed nature of the system.Security is also not centrally controlled and the users need to remember different passwords for accessing the resources located on different nodes on the network (Porter, 2006). Facilities such as backup are the responsibilities of the individual user unlike the client/server systems where the server can schedule them. This system works best for lesser number of systems in a network, usually under 10 (Reid, 2004). Part 2: The architecture of Mr. Robertson’s home network Network Architecture The architecture which I would suggest for Mr. Robertson’s home would be a peer—to-peer network.There is no necessity for a client/server model in this case. Also no type of hub system is required, since the application is very simple Justification As is already explained in the section above, a peer-to peer network is used for ease of applications without extra overload. The system works best for systems which having less than 10 systems. As Mr. Robertson’s system uses only two computers, the system is ideal for this purpose. In addition to this, the home network does not require the additional overhead of a server so a pure peer-to-peer system, one without any server (Subramanian & Goodman, 2005), can be used.The application mainly used is the file sharing which can be easily done. Also for us ing the internet, there is no necessity for the system to have simultaneous connections as is already mentioned in the example. While, to most intents and purposes, a printer application requires the use of a server so as to manage the print request being sent from multiple systems, this is clearly not the case here. The network should merely have the capability to receive print jobs from both the systems a simultaneous operational capability is not really required, as the application would not be too critical.In the worst case, the print job could be cancelled and given again. Finally, the use of a client server system would in addition to setting a server, also need additional components and software like an operating system, which is not required in this case, as there is no need for tasks like allocation resources, backups etc. Also, Mr Robertson gets the advantage of removing any of the two systems from the network at anytime, and the second component would work just as well, a s neither of the system is a server. Components for the home network In addition to the 2 computers and printers purchased by Mr.Robertson, he needs very few components to get his system up an running. He would need the cable modem, a twisted cable pair, media converter for running the internet through cable, a splitter and a print sharer. There is no necessity for a hub for such a system, which is necessary only if there are more than two computers on a network. The splitter would divide the internet connection to the two systems which will the function of the print sharer also. A wireless NIC or a wired one can be used to share the network. Only single numbers of components, except the connecting cables, are needed because there are only two computers.Topology of the home network The figure above shows the basic topology of the network. As explained above, there is no need for a hub for just 2 systems. The printer can be connected either via a print sharer or the software can be u sed to do that by accessing the network. Here, each computer can access the network printer. In addition, the cable connection that comes can be split into two using a splitter. This type of networking requires basic minimum of components and can be used for connecting systems on a home network. This system is extendable to more than two systems.The only difference would be that in that case, a hub would be used between the two systems instead of just a cable. Also the cable type, which is twisted in this case, might be changed for more than two computer systems, because of load factors. In this case also, there will not be any necessity for a server, as the printer tasks will be shared, but not scheduled or managed by an external system. Part 3: The architecture of the LAN of BC Inc. Network Architecture For the company’s LAN, a client server system is a must. There are only 16 systems, on the LAN would more than fulfil the application necessity.There are multiple applicatio ns needed for this system. There is the printer service which is multiple in numbers and locations. In addition, there is the obvious necessity for an email and web server for the business applications. All this necessitates are need for the use of a client/server model. Justification In many of the situations given above the peer-to-peer network fails to have any use. First and foremost is the number of systems. The P2P system is only suitable if the number of systems is less than 10, as mentioned earlier. Also it is not just the number of system that is a problem, since it is not a very huge network.Office applications as a rule need more features and functionality than a home based server, and so the load on the network contributed by each system is also a lot. In addition to this there is he additional necessity for security and backups as compared to the home networks. People usually prefer manual backups on their home networks, but almost all the companies insist on having sch eduled backups for the protection of data. In addition, the systems also need to have security updates with a controlled installation, which is not necessary for a home network, whose security necessities extend maximum to having a basic firewall.As in earlier case, due to data sensitivity, companies prefer to have all of these controlled rather than leaving it to the discretion of the office employees. There is an obvious burden due to the higher cost of installation and maintenance of the system. But this is more than compensated by the quality of security and safety levels given by such a system. Also since, there are only 16 employees in the system, it is logical to have the email server as the same as the network server. This is also true for the web server applications. However, here there is an assumption being taken.It is assumed that the company business is a small size, based on the number of people working there. This may very well not be the case. In addition to this, th e web sever installation might be mandatory on an external system, because of security reasons. For instance, the company might not want its intranet lined with its webserver to provide more security. This case might necessitate the need for a separate web server, though for this report, a single sever is being considered for now. Physical Components In addition to the computer systems and printers, the company needs many additional systems to make a network.First and the most important of this is the server system, which needs be high ended, with high processing power and speed. This is that the system can easily act as a intranet server, a mail server, and also the web server. In addition to this a router is essential for connecting to the internet via the DSL modem. Also there are multiple numbers of cables, based on the systems connected to the network. Since the system is connected via the Ethernet here, the internet being a DSL based one; the corresponding cables are also requ ired.The printer is connected to the server, which takes care of the scheduling the print jobs. The other servers, as mentioned earlier are situated on the main server itself. The figure above shows the scheme of the connection diagram. The above diagram is a very simplistic way of representation of the office network. As mentioned above, the server would be common from email and web applications, and also take care of the intra networking scheme. In addition, the various printers and DSL modem would be added to this server only.The server would need a network operating system and the main security firewalls and the protection schemes like the antivirus would be installed here. Ethernet would be the mode of interconnection in the network. The system can be extended when a new web server is required, which is separate from the present server. There can be another server attached to the present one which would take care of the business related websites etc. The connection would be res tricted so that only the purchase related or feedback related information is passed to the main server, which would then direct this information to the necessary client system.Conclusion In the report mentioned above, there were two types of networking architecture which were analysed. One was the client server architecture, which is one of the oldest networking schemes available. The system finds its use in complex networks having many systems, and necessity for multi-file sharing applications, common or shared database and also security. All these are provided by this system, which the case seen by the company example is being taken here.The operations are very complex with multi-printers and their multiple locations, the necessary for common access to the internet, and also the need for servers for websites and emails. Also the network needed security and will be needed managed access permission for files stored on the network. The restricted type of entry for a network is possib le only for a client and server type of architecture, which is what was proposed for this case. The company being an accounting firm would also need internal data restrictions and security issues, which can only be tacked by this architecture.In contrast, the home networking system is a very simple operation, which needs to have a mere connection to the internet and the use of a printer. There are no constraints of security or access restrictions on this systems and the main application need is a basic file share operation. For such a system a basic, peer-to-peer architecture is sufficient. There is no need for hubs also as there are only two systems. The network does not need any server based system which is too much of overkill here. Hence, using these two examples, the two types of networking architectures are explained here.

Analysis of Marks and Spencers Past Failures and Present Developments The WritePass Journal

Analysis of Marks and Spencers Past Failures and Present Developments Introduction Analysis of Marks and Spencers Past Failures and Present Developments Introduction History of InternationalizationReasons of FailureRecent DevelopmentRecommendation and Conclusion References Related Introduction Marks and Spencer Group plc, a leading and century-old Britain retail giant, which is selling of clothing, food and home products all over the world. After experienced the failure of international expansion about a decade ago, the company stages a comeback on internationalization and intends to form good relationship with customers worldwide. Therefore, this report is going to explore the reasons why MS failed in the past, identify the recent development on international operation and give recommendations for the future expansion. History of Internationalization MS has a long history of international expansion. It makes use of diverse types of entry modes worldwide which combined of entry modes from organic growth, joint venture, and franchise agreements to partly or wholly-owned subsidiaries (Whitehead 1994, p.41). This kind of widely use of ownership models and countries give the priority of the company to perform well globally even when some individual markets may not that good. The company began its tentative internationalization activities by exporting its St. Michael brands products in the 1940s (Alon 2000, p.5). Then MS formalized some of its export activities through franchise agreements in the 1970s. In the next two decades, a gradual expansion occurred both in number and geographic scope. By 1998, MS had almost 500 stores in over 30 countries with the retail sales of almost  £8bn. Meanwhile, the company owned Brooks Brothers and Kings Supermarkets in the United States (Burt et al 2002b, p.200). However, three years later, Marks and Spencer sold its Brooks Brothers brand and Kings Supermarkets (USA) businesses, turned the Hong Kong stores into franchises in a downgraded regional structure, closed the European stores which were unprofitable (Burt 2002a, p1). Under these circumstances, MS faced a survival crisis on its overseas market and most of the company’s direct international activities were compelled to stop. As a consequence, the reputation of the company went downhill both at home and abroad. Reasons of Failure Marks and Spencer suffered sluggish sales, slump in profits and a sharply declining market share owing to all sorts of external and internal reasons. Externally, more ambitious and vigorous competitors entered this market and therefore MS faced more stiff competition over the 1990s. Moreover, technological changes happened in retailing industry. New entrants were more likely to use the computerized systems and adopted new methods of operating which could improve effectiveness and efficiency. Nevertheless, Marks and Spencer still depended on the old systems and approaches. Therefore, the company gradually fell behind (Mellahi et al 2002, p23). Internally, first of all, the company did not have a unified, well-recognized and trusted brand name when exploring the international market. The company did not build up the brand effect. For instance, MS did not change the names of the US chains after it bought Brooks Brothers and Kings Supermarket and used Brooks Brothers’ chain to open the market in the Far East (Alon 2000, p.8). Therefore, the company could not touch customers through its brand image, whereas brand image is vital in marketing literature. Then, MS did not consider the customer’s needs on global market in early years. The company transferred their business formula from the United States to Canada without any modifications. Nevertheless apparently, the Canadian stores required customization to local needs (Alon 2000, p.7). It is an economy that driven by customers. If a business could not satisfy its customers’ needs and keep the customers in a cost-effective way and then it would confronted with losses. Moreover, the company â€Å"lack of clear retail positioning and design† (Burt et al 2002b, p.213). After enter each markets, MS did not have a long-term plan for the sustainable development. Supply chain always to be a problem and the company did not solve it properly. Canada had these problems for years which gave no guidance on the United States purchase. Moreover, many elements make MS run smoothly in the UK market but did not work on the global market and the business became a series of activities with little synergy and cooperative effect (Burt et al 2002b). Last but not the least, the company did not have an overall and long-term development plan of international expansion. Such as the company signed franchise agreements in numerous countries, but used diverse franchisees and different types of franchise arrangements. Therefore, over a long period of time, the international activities of the company were directionless and lacked internal communication (Burt et al 2002b, p.213). Recent Development After the failure of first-round international expansion, Marks and Spencer utilized contraction strategy that focus on domestic market to deal with the crisis. Ten years later, MS is rebuilt as a trustworthy brand which demonstrates its quality, fit, and service are reliable and consistent. Globalization is imperative and overseas expansion is regarded as an opportunity for future growth. Therefore, the company is fully equipped to renew global extension. Circumstances change with the passage of time, now MS has 327 stores overseas in 41 territories (includes Republic of Ireland)(Marks and Spencer Group plc 2010). As can be seen from the chart below that Southern and Eastern Europe is the key area to expansion and there would be great opportunities in emerging markets such as the Middle and Far East, as well as the Indian subcontinent. Source: Marks and Spencer Group plc Moreover, MS set a five year plan to raise international business to 15 to 20% of total Group Revenue from 2008. The company established some guiding principles to help complete the plan in 2010. Specifically: â€Å"Growing our Central and Eastern European partnerships; building sustainable businesses in India and China; accelerating growth with our franchise partners; and continuing to explore new opportunities.† (Marks and Spencer Group plc 2010) Therefore, MS focuses on the sustainable development of the company and proceed with internationalization sequentially. In addition to the European market, emerging markets, such as India and China, are potential areas which need to pay close attention for the next step. Furthermore, the company intends using multiple channels to drive the international business. Recommendation and Conclusion In order to achieve better performance in international expansion, MS needs to use past history for guidance and look to the future. To begin with, the company needs to transfer the â€Å"MS† from a national into an international brand. It is unlikely for a company to deliver a brand into a new market without any further consideration. Therefore, the first decision should be made is whether â€Å"use a brand in all chosen markets or to differentiate it depending on market peculiarities† (Kuvykaite and Mascinskiene 2010, p.446). Since a brand is a promise to make customers know who you are and then help the company generate customer trust. Therefore, the company need identify the brand positioning, symbol, logo and other images to arouse brand awareness. Following the point mentioned above, the company must have detailed market research and expansion strategy. The business strategy should generally cover the ambition, positioning, investment and organisation (Lasserre 2007). Under the strategy, the company need has clear defined short-term and long-term objectives with a suitable value proposition to the market. The company also should organize itself properly and excavate a sustainable competitive advantage which is difficult to replicate or imitate. Moreover, analyze each specific market and meeting customer needs such as supply good quality products at a lower price playing a vital role in the overall strategy. Another important point is that the company should choose a suitable entry mode for each individual target market and come up with the follow-up ways of development. The company can choose any of these entry modes (namely export, license and franchise, alliance, joint venture or wholly owned subsidiary) or some combination of them to enter a host country. It is depending on the country’s specific situation because the choice of entry confines the firm’s overall strategy (Johnson and Tellis 2008). In order to be able to resist challenges of entering a new country and has an efficient operation, the company should be concern with activities after establishment. Finally, all the plans and strategies must be implemented smoothly and adjust according to the changes of the market timely. It is well known that an effective implementation is always superior to a great strategy. A company can never succeed unless it can implement and carry out its strategy effectively (Sterling 2003, p.27). Moreover, the strategy should also keep pace with the newly developed technologies, the changes of market environment of a specific country or region and most important thing is looking squarely at the alteration of customer’s needs. Only in this way can the company use the market knowledge and power to tackle all the difficulties and successfully entering a new market and survive. Marks and Spencer is gaining momentum in internationalization which helps the company seeking new markets and reduces the dependency on the UK economy. Moreover, as the company has a rich experience on international expansion in the past, therefore, it could learn from the past mistakes and create a better future. In this way, the company’s international business offers considerable opportunities for long-term growth, as well as helps it grow into a world famous enterprise. References Alon, I. 2000. Marks Spencer: a case study in international retailing[Online]. Available at: elearning.ulg.ac.be/old_demos/HEC/html/marks.pdf   [Accessed: 12th March 2011]. Burt, S.L. et al. 2002a. The failure of retail internationalization in Marks and Spencer. European Retail Digest. 35, pp.1-4. Burt, S.L. et al 2002b. Retail internationalization and retail failure: issues from the case of Marks and Spencer. International Review of Retail, Distribution Consumer Research. 12 (2), pp191-219. Johnson, J. and Tellis, G. J. 2008. Drivers of success for market entry into China and India. Journal of Marketing. 72 (3), pp.1-13. Kuvykaite, R. and Mascinskiene, J. 2010. Transformation of a national brand into an international brand. Inzinerine Ekonomika-Engineering Economics. 21(4), pp.446-455. Lasserre, P. 2007. Global strategic management. 2nd Edition. Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan. pp.34-61. Marks and Spencer Group plc. 2010. MS Annual Report 2010[Online]. Available at: http://annualreport.marksandspencer.com/operating-and-financial-review/where-we-sell.aspx [Accessed: 12th March 2011]. Mellahi, K. et al. 2002. An exploratory study into failure in successful organizations: the case of Marks Spencer. British Journal of Management. 13(1), pp. 15–29. Sterling, J. 2003. Translating strategy into effective implementation: dispelling the myths and highlighting what works. Strategy Leadership. 31(3), pp.27 – 34 Whitehead, M. 1994. Marks Spencer – â€Å"Britain’s Leading Retailer: Quality and Value Worldwide†. Management Decision. 32(3), pp. 38-41.

BIGGEST THREAT OF ISTANBUL

BIGGEST THREAT OF ISTANBUL Basketmakers' Kiosk (foreground), TopkapÄ ± Palace ...

1001 Vocabulary Spelling Questions Essay Example

1001 Vocabulary Spelling Questions Essay Example 1001 Vocabulary Spelling Questions Paper 1001 Vocabulary Spelling Questions Paper or word root; the meaning of that word; and a sentence that demonstrates the meaning of that word. Refer to this section often to refresh your memory and improve your vocabulary. FA M I L I A R I T Y W I T H C O M M O N A xi –P R E F I X E S , S U F F I X E S , A N D C O M M O N W O R D R O O T S – P r e f i xe s Pre? xes are syllables added to the beginning of words to change or add to their meaning. This table lists some of the most common pre? xes in the English language. They are grouped together by similar meanings. Pre? x uni unify (v) De? nition to form into a single unit, to unite Sentence The new leader was able to unite the three factions into one strong political party. monobiduotriquadritetraquintpentmultipolyomni- one two two three four four ? ve ? ve many many all monologue (n) bisect (v) duality (n) triangle (n) quadruped (n) tetralogy (n) quintuplets (n) pentameter (n) multifaceted (adj) polyglot (n) a long speech by one person or performer to divide into two equal parts having two sides or parts a ? gure having three angles an animal with four feet series of four related artistic works, such as plays, operas, novels, etc. ?ve offspring born at one time a line of verse (poetry) with ? e metrical feet having many sides one who speaks or understands several languages I was very moved by the monologue in Scene III. If you bisect a square, you will get two rectangles of equal size. The novel explores the duality of good and evil in humans. In an isosceles triangle, two of the three angles are the same size. Some quadrupeds evolved into bipeds. â€Å"Time Zone† was the fourth and ? nal work in Classman’s tetralogy. Each quintuplet weighed less than four pounds at birth. Most of Shakespeare’s sonnets are written in iambic pentameter. This is a multifaceted issue, and we must examine each side carefully. It’s no wonder he’s a polyglot; he’s lived in eight different countries. My teacher must be omniscient; she always knows when I’m not paying attention. omniscient (adj) knowing all micro De? nition or main room Sentence The panel of jurors waited in the antechamber before entering the court room. The appetizers preceded the main course. His postscript was almost as long as his letter! Romeo, trying to make peace, intervened in the ? ght between Tybalt and Mercutio. antechamber (n) a smaller room leading into a larger prepostinter- before after between recede (v) postscript (n) intervene (v) to come before in time or order message added after the close of a letter to come between interintraintro- together within into, within interact (v) to act upon or in? uence each other The psychologist took notes as she watched the children interact. She could not eat and had to be fed intravenously for three days. Unlike his ? amboyant sister, quiet Zeke was a real int rovert. She was inducted into the honor society. The rebels expelled the invaders. She carefully circumscribed the space that would become her of? ce. His attempt to subvert my authority will cost him his job. Alex accepted the promotion to supervisor and was comfortable with the duties and responsibilities of the of? ce. intravenous (adj) within or into a vein introvert (n) a person whose attention is largely directed inward, toward himself or herself; a shy or withdrawn person inexcircumsubsuper- in, into out, from around under above, over induct (v) expel (v) to bring in (to a group) to drive out or away the limits of circumscribe (v) to draw a line around; to mark subvert (v) supervisor (n) to bring about the destruction of, overthrow; to undermine one who watches over con- with, together consensus (n) general agreement After hours of debate, the group ? nally reached a consensus and selected a candidate. non antipode (n) counterproductive (adj) dispel (v) De? nition exact or direct opposite working against production to drive away; not having order Sentence North is the antipode of south. Complaining is counterproductive. To dispel rumors that I was quitting, I scheduled a series of meetings for the next three months. disorderly (adj) messy, untidy, uncontrolled or unruly Two people were hurt when the disorderly crowd took control of the protest. mismal broaden (v) De? nition to make more broad, widen Sentence Traveling around the world will broaden your understanding of other cultures. electrify (v) alphabetize (v) practical (adj) commercial (adj) De? nition to charge with electricity to put in alphabetical order suitable for use; involving activity as distinct from study or theory of or engaged in commerce Sentence The singer electri? ed the audience with her performance. Please alphabetize these ? les for me. He has years of practical, on-the-job experience. Commercial vehicles must have special license plates. Though he was never rich or powerful, he has very aristocratic manners. aristocratic (adj) of or pertaining to the aristocracy -ly resembling, having the qualities of tenderly (adv) done with tenderness; gently, delicately, lovingly He held the newborn baby tenderly in his arms. Despite his fear, he stepped boldly onto the stage. When Robert walked into the room with Annette, she cast a meaningful glance to me. ly -ful in the manner of full of boldly (adv) in a bold manner meaningful (adj) signi? cant, full of meaning -ous/-ose full of humorous (adj) full of humor, funny His humorous speech received laughter and applause from the audience. -ive having the quality of descriptive (adj) giving a description The letter was so descriptive that I could picture every place he had been . -less -ish lacking, free of having the quality of painless (adj) childish (adj) without pain, not causing pain like a child; unsuitable for a grown person The doctor assured me that it is a painless procedure. He didn’t get the job because of his childish behavior during the interview. He has a high level of tolerance for rudeness. The indeterminacy of his statement made it impossible to tell which side he favored. The second siren signaled the completion of the ? re drill. A ? rst arboretum (n) sanctuary (n) De? nition a garden devoted primarily to trees and shrubs a sacred place, refuge Sentence They built a deck with an arboretum for their bonsai tree collection. With three noisy roommates, Ellen frequently sought the quiet sanctuary of the library. -cide -ism ill quality, state or condition of; doctrine of pesticide (n) optimism (n) substance for killing insects belief that things will turn out for the best; tendency to take a hopeful view of things This pesticide is also dangerous for humans. Her optimism makes people want to be around her. He argued that the basic morality of civilized societies hasn’t changed much over the centuries. -ity quality or state of morality ( n) state or quality of being moral -itis in? ammation tonsillitis (n) of in? ammation and infection of the tonsils Her tonsillitis was so severe that doctors had to remove her tonsils immediately. He exercised good judgment during the meeting and did not challenge his supervisor. Because of her strong interest in zoology, she took an unpaid summer job at the zoo. amorous (adj) De? nition readily showing or feeling love Sentence She told him to stop his amorous advances as she was already engaged. audire bellum to hear war audience (n) assembled group of listeners or spectators; people within hearing The audience listened intently to the riveting speaker. In American history, antebellum refers to the period before the Civil War. antebellum (adj) before the war xvi –P R E F I X E S , S U F F I X E S , A N D C O M M O N W O R D R O O T S – Root capere Meaning to take Example captivate (v) De? nition to capture the fancy of Sentence The story captivated me from the beginning; I couldn’t put the book down. dicere duco equus facere lucere manus to say, speak dictate (v) to lead equal to make or do to light hand lucid (adj) manicure (n) conduct (v) equilibrium (n) manufacture (v) to state or order; to say what needs to be written down to lead or guide (thorough) a state of balance to make or produce very clear cosmetic treatment of the ? ngernails She began to dictate her notes into the microphone. He conducted a detailed tour of the building. I have ? nally achieved equilibrium between work and leisure. The clothes are manufactured here in this factory. No one could possibly have misunderstood such a lucid explanation. A manicure is not only important hygiene, but clean and neat nails also tell a great deal about a person. medius middle median (n) middle point; middle in a set of numbers The median household income in this wealthy neighborhood is $89,000. The message was transmitted over the intercom. That top-40 song is omnipresent; everywhere I go, I hear it playing. His loan application was denied because of his poor credit history. Although he is only 22, he holds a very powerful position in the company. mittere omnis plicare ponere/ positum protare quarere scribere to send all, every to fold to place transmit (v) omnipresent (adj) application (n) position (n) to send across present everywhere putting one thing on another; making a formal request the place a person or thing occupies to carry to ask, question to write transport (v) inquiry (n) scribe (n) to carry across act of inquiry, investigation, or questioning person who makes copies of writings The goods will be transported by boat. The inquiry lasted several months but yielded no new information. The scribe had developed thick calluses on his ? ngers from years of writing. After reading the collection of letters, it was easy to tell the sentiments of the writer. sentire to feel sentiment (n) personal experience; one’s own feeling xvii –P R E F I X E S , S U F F I X E S , A N D C O M M O N W O R D R O O T S – Root specere Meaning to look at Example spectacle (n) De? nition striking or impressive sight Sentence The debate was quite a spectacle; the candidates made accusations about each other that were unexpected and slightly unprofessional. spirare tendere to breathe to stretch respiration (n) extend (v) he act of breathing to make longer, stretch out His respiration was steady, but he remained unconscious. Please extend the deadline by two weeks so we can complete the project properly. verbum word verbatim (adj) word for word The student failed because she had copied an article verbatim instead of writing her own essay. C o m m o n G r e e k Wo r d R o o t s Many English words have their origins in the ancient Greek language. The table below shows the Greek words that have been used to create various English words. The Greek words serve as roots, providing the core meaning of the words. Pre? xes, suf? xes, and other alterations give each word its distinct meaning. The word roots are listed in alphabetical order. Root bios chronos Meaning life time Example biology (n) chronological (adj) De? nition the science of living organisms arranged in the order in which things occurred branch of medical science dealing with the skin and its diseases Sentence He is majoring in biology and plans to go to medical school. The story is confusing because she did not put the events in chronological order. She has decided to study dermatology because she wants to ? nd a cure for skin cancer. Polygamy is illegal in the United States. The recent genocide in Bosnia has created a crisis in orphaned children. The geography of this region made it dif? cult for the different tribes to interact. She used calligraphy to address her wedding invitations. derma skin dermatology (n) gamos marriage, union polygamy (n) the practice or custom of having more than one spouse or mate at a time genos geo race, sex, kind earth genocide (n) geography (n) the deliberate extermination of one race of people the study of the Earth’s surface; the surface or topographical features of a place graphein to write calligraphy (n) eautiful or elegant handwriting xviii –P R E F I X E S , S U F F I X E S , A N D C O M M O N W O R D R O O T S – Root krates Meaning member of a group Example democrat (n) De? nition one who believes in or advocates democracy as a principle of government concealing meaning, puzzling Sentence I have always been a democrat, but I refuse to join the Democratic Party. He left such a cryptic message on my answering machine that I don’t know what he wanted. kryptos hidden, secret cryptic (adj) metron to measure metronome (n) device with a pendulum that beats at a determined rate to measure time/rhythm She used a metronome to help her keep the proper pace as she played the song. Most mythologies have a polymorphous ? gure, a â€Å"shape shifter† who can be both animal and human. morphe form polymorphous (adj) having many forms pathos philos phobos photos podos psuedein pyr suffering, feeling loving fear light foot to deceive ? re pathetic (adj) xenophile (n) xenophobe (n) arousing feelings of pity or sadness a person who is attracted to foreign peoples, cultures, or customs or strange cultures or customs Willy Loman is a complex character who is both pathetic and heroic. Alex is a xenophile; I doubt he’ll ever come back to the States. e’s a xenophobe. Plants are photobiotic and will die without light. toenail had become infected. George Eliot is a pseudonym for Mary Ann Evans. The warehouse ? re was not an accident; it was set by a pyromaniac. In a psychosomatic illness, physical symptoms are caused by emotional distress. person who fears or hates foreigners Do n’t expect Len to go on the trip; photobiotic (adj) living or thriving only in the presence of light podiatrist (n) pseudonym (n) pyromaniac (n) of ailments of the human foot false name one who has a compulsion to set things on ? re an expert in diagnosis and treatment The podiatrist saw that the ingrown oma body psychosomatic (adj) of or involving both the mind and body tele distant telescope (n) optical instrument for making distant While Galileo did not invent the objects appear larger and nearer when viewed through the lens telescope, he was the ? rst to use it to study the planets and stars. The thermos kept my coffee hot all afternoon. therme heat thermos (n) insulated jug or bottle that keeps liquids hot or cold xix 1001 VOCABULARY SPELLING QUESTIONS S E C T I O N 1 T Synonyms, Antonyms, Verbal Classi? cation, and Analogies of ? ve chapters of different types of vocabulary questions. Questions vary from ? nding similar words to ? nding dissimilar words, from identifying analogies, to identifying the three words that are similar within a group of four words. Most standardized tests use synonym and antonym questions to test verbal skills. The ? rst chapter in this section is on synonyms. A synonym is a word that means the same or nearly the same as another word. You will be asked to ? nd synonyms, or choose the word that has the same or nearly the same meaning. In Chapter 2, you will identify antonyms, or words that are most nearly the opposite of the word in italics. The questions in Chapter 3 ask you to identify the word that is most similar or dissimilar to another word, effectively testing your knowledge of two words. Chapter 4 tests your ability to identify groups of word as similar to one another. You do this by ? nding the word in the list of four that does not belong with the other three words. Finally, in Chapter 5 you are asked to identify word analogies. Analogies are comparisons. To answer an analogy question, look for a relationship between the ? rst set of words. Then, look for a similar relationship in the second set of words. Choose the answer that best completes the comparison. HIS SECTION CONSISTS 1 C H A P T E R 1 Synonyms Choose the synonym for each of the words in italics. 1. Which word means the same as erroneous? a. digressive b. confused c. impenetrable d. incorrect 2. Which word means the same as grotesque? a. extreme b. frenzied c. hideous d. typical 3. Which word means the same as garbled? a. lucid b. unintelligible c. devoured d. outrageous 4. Which word means the same as expose? a. relate b. develop c. reveal d. pretend 3 –S Y N O N Y M S – 5. Which word means the same as coerce? a. force b. permit c. waste d. deny 6. Which word means the same as abrupt? a. interrupt b. sudden c. xtended d. corrupt 7. Which word means the same as apathy? a. hostility b. depression c. indifference d. concern 8. Which word means the same as despair? a. mourning b. disregard c. hopelessness d. loneliness 9. Which word means the same as contemptuous? a. respectful b. unique c. scornful d. insecure 10. Which word means the same as tote? a. acquire b. ca rry c. tremble d. abandon 11. Which word means the same as distinct? a. satis? ed b. imprecise c. uneasy d. separate 12. Which word means the same as ? agrant? a. secret b. worthless c. noble d. glaring 13. Which word means the same as oration? a. nuisance b. ndependence c. address d. length 14. Which word means the same as libel? a. description b. praise c. destiny d. slander 15. Which word means the same as philanthropy? a. sel? shness b. fascination c. disrespect d. charity 16. Which word means the same as proximity? a. distance b. agreement c. nearness d. intelligence 4 –S Y N O N Y M S – 17. Which word means the same as negligible? a. insigni? cant b. delicate c. meaningful d. illegible 18. Which word means the same as vigilant? a. nonchalant b. watchful c. righteous d. strenuous 19. Which word means the same as astute? a. perceptive b. inattentive c. stubborn d. legant 20. Which word means the same as collaborate? a. cooperate b. convince c. entice d. elaborate 2 1. Which word means the same as insipid? a. overbearing b. tasteless c. exhilarating d. elaborate For each of the following words, choose the word that has the same or nearly the same meaning. 22. navigate a. search b. decide c. steer d. assist 23. tailor a. measure b. construct c. launder d. alter 24. yield a. merge b. relinquish c. destroy d. hinder 25. eternal a. timeless b. heavenly c. loving d. wealthy 26. stow a. pack b. curtsy c. fool d. trample 27. intimate a. frightening b. curious c. private d. characteristic 28. onsider a. promote b. require c. adjust d. ponder 5 –S Y N O N Y M S – 29. humidify a. moisten b. warm c. gather d. spray 30. arouse a. inform b. abuse c. waken d. deceive 31. harass a. trick b. confuse c. betray d. pester 32. forti? ed a. reinforced b. distorted c. disputed d. developed 33. delegate a. analyze b. respect c. criticize d. assign 34. accountable a. applauded b. compensated c. responsible d. approached 35. philosophy a. bias b. principl es c. evidence d. process 36. custom a. purpose b. habit c. buyer d. role 37. harbor a. halter b. statement c. refuge d. garment 38. muse a. tune b. ponder c. encourage d. ead 39. vessel a. container b. furniture c. garment d. branch 40. dispute a. debate b. release c. divide d. redeem 6 –S Y N O N Y M S – 41. site a. location b. formation c. speech d. view 42. compensate a. help b. challenge c. defeat d. pay 43. journal a. trip b. receipt c. diary d. list 44. opportunity a. sensitivity b. arrogance c. chance d. reference 45. invent a. insert b. discover c. apply d. allow 46. sphere a. air b. spread c. globe d. enclosure 47. re? ne a. condone b. provide c. change d. purify 48. pledge a. picture b. idea c. quote d. promise 49. gangly a. illegally b. closely c. ugly d. lanky 50. sage a. ise b. obnoxious c. conceited d. heartless 51. dormant a. hidden b. slumbering c. rigid d. misplaced 52. banish a. exile b. decorate c. succumb d. encourage 7 –S Y N O N Y M S â₠¬â€œ 53. croon a. swim b. sing c. stroke d. yell 54. hostel a. turnstile b. cot c. trek d. inn 55. mesa a. brain b. plateau c. wagon d. dwelling 56. ado a. idiom b. punishment c. cost d. fuss 57. obscure a. concealed b. obvious c. reckless d. subjective 58. malicious a. spiteful b. changeable c. murderous d. dangerous 59. obsolete a. current b. dedicated c. unnecessary d. outmoded 60. expansive a. talkative b. relaxed c. humorous d. grateful 61. elinquish a. abandon b. report c. commence d. abide 62. submissive a. raucous b. obedient c. virtuous d. sel? sh 63. ponderous a. heavy b. thoughtful c. hearty d. generous 64. stoical a. impassive b. loud c. curious d. intense 8 –S Y N O N Y M S – 65. haggard a. handsome b. honest c. gaunt d. intense 66. enigma a. laughter b. mystery c. enclosure d. shadow 67. jocular a. lenient b. strict c. powerful d. jolly 68. rebuke a. scold b. deny c. distract d. protect 69. renown a. attitude b. fame c. health d. strength 70. robust a. ea ger b. rough c. old-fashioned d. vigorous 71. mundane a. proper b. ordinary c. greedy d. urky 72. remiss a. recent b. false c. negligent d. broken 73. imminent a. sturdy b. actual c. soon d. later 74. inordinate a. excessive b. exclusive c. purpose d. hesitant 75. disheveled a. rumpled b. divorced c. marked d. dedicated 76. disillusioned a. disadvantageous b. distracted c. disenchanted d. disarming 9 –S Y N O N Y M S – 77. query a. inspect b. quote c. succeed d. inquire 78. clemency a. competency b. certainty c. destiny d. mercy 10 C H A P T E R 2 Antonyms Choose the antonym for each of the words in italics. 79. Which word is the opposite of alert? a. attentive b. inattentive c. careful d. trivial 80. Which word is the opposite of cautious? a. considerate b. noble c. proper d. reckless 81. Which word means the opposite of shameful? a. honorable b. animated c. ?ckle d. modest 82. Which word means the opposite of vague? a. hazy b. skilled c. de? nite d. tender 11 –A N T O N Y M S – 83. Which word means the opposite of vulnerable? a. frantic b. feeble c. secure d. complicated 84. Which word means the opposite of distress? a. comfort b. reward c. trouble d. compromise 85. Which word means the opposite of unity? a. discord b. stimulation c. consent d. neglect 86. Which word means the opposite of clarify? a. explain b. dismay c. bscure d. provide 87. Which word means the opposite of grant? a. deny b. consume c. allocate d. provoke 88. Which word means the opposite of impartial? a. complete b. prejudiced c. unbiased d. erudite 89. Which word means the opposite of prompt? a. punctual b. slack c. tardy d. regular 90. Which word is the opposite of delay? a. slow b. hasten c. p ause d. desist 91. Which word is the opposite of soothe? a. increase b. comfort c. aggravate d. delight 92. Which word means the opposite of moderate? a. original b. average c. ?nal d. excessive 93. Which word means the opposite of reveal? a. disclose b. achieve c. retreat d. onceal 94. Which word means the opposite of initial? a. ?rst b. crisis c. ?nal d. right 12 –A N T O N Y M S – 95. Which word means the opposite of brittle? a. ?exible b. breakable c. grating d. thin 96. Which word means the opposite of capable? a. unskilled b. absurd c. apt d. able 97. Which word means the opposite of stray? a. remain b. inhabit c. wander d. incline 98. Which word is the opposite of dainty? a. delicate b. coarse c. harsh d. delicious 99. Which word means the opposite of craving? a. desire b. repudiation c. motive d. revulsion 100. Which word means the opposite of ferocious? a. docile b. savage c. explosive d. oble 101. Which word means the opposite of grueling? a. effortless b. ca sual c. exhausting d. empty 102. Which word means the opposite of forsake? a. admit b. abandon c. submit d. cherish 103. Which word is the opposite of restrain? a. control b. liberate c. maintain d. distract 104. Which word is the opposite of bleak? a. desperate b. dreary c. bright d. fond 105. Which word is the opposite of unruly? a. controllable b. disorderly c. honest d. covered 106. Which word is the opposite of solidarity? a. union b. disunity c. laxity d. rigidity 13 –A N T O N Y M S – 107. Which word is the opposite of retract? a. assert b. ithdraw c. impugn d. follow 108. Which word is the opposite of concise? a. generous b. lengthy c. loose d. brief 109. Which word is the opposite of omit? a. eliminate b. perform c. depart d. include 110. Which word means the opposite of prohibit? a. surrender b. permit c. involve d. embrace 111. Which word means the opposite of disclose? a. succeed b. conceal c. restrain d. possess 112. Which word means the opposite of sti? e ? a. encourage b. familiarize c. deny d. overcome 113. Which word means the opposite of belittle? a. arrange b. compliment c. criticize d. presume 114. Which word means the opposite of aimless? a. nactive b. faithful c. purposeful d. impartial 115. Which word means the opposite of detest? a. prohibit b. hate c. examine d. admire 116. Which word means the opposite of valiant? a. instinctive b. cowardly c. cynical d. worthy 117. Which word means the opposite of lenient? a. capable b. impractical c. merciful d. domineering 118. Which word means the opposite of tarnish? a. absorb b. endure c. shine d. sully 14 –A N T O N Y M S – 119. Which word means the opposite of mandatory? a. apparent b. equal c. optional d. required 120. Which word means the opposite of chagrin? a. conviction b. irritation c. pleasure d. humanity 121. Which word means the opposite of commence? a. initiate b. adapt c. harass d. terminate 122. Which word means the opposite of conscientious? a. careless b. apologetic c. diligent d. boisterous 123. Which word means the opposite of de? cient? a. necessary b. adequate c. ?awed d. simple 124. Which word means the opposite of lucid? a. ordinary b. turbulent c. implausible d. vague 125. Which word means the opposite of judicious? a. partial b. litigious c. imprudent d. unrestrained 126. Which word means the opposite of dissonance? a. harmony b. carefulness c. speci? city d. value 127. Which word means the opposite of erudite? a. neducated b. polite c. unknown d. agitated For each of the following words, choose the word that means the opposite or most nearly the opposite. 128. harmony a. noise b. brevity c. safety d. discord 129. insult a. compliment b. contempt c. argument d. attitude 15 –A N T O N Y M S – 130. general a. speci? c b. total c. insigni? cant d. substantial 131. imaginary a. sober b. ordinary c. unrealistic d. factual 132. demolish a. attend b. consider c. create d. sti? e 133. absorb a. acquire b. repel c. consume d. assist 134. critical a. inimical b. judgmental c. massive d. trivial 135. infantile a. despicable b. adolescent c. mature d. erpetual 136. retain a. withhold b. release c. succumb d. incise 137. impulsive a. secure b. mandatory c. rash d. cautious 138. competent a. incomplete b. intense c. inept d. massive 139. promote a. explicate b. downgrade c. concede d. retain 140. requirement a. plan b. consequence c. option d. accident 141. irritate a. soothe b. drain c. resist d. solve 16 –A N T O N Y M S – 142. punctual a. random b. smooth c. intermittent d. tardy 143. virtue a. reality b. fact c. vice d. amateur 144. fortunate a. excluded b. hapless c. hardworking d. lucky 145. notable a. oral b. graceful c. legal d. ordinary 146. prim a. outrageous b. ast c. ugly d. cantankerous 147. prosperous a. af? uent b. destitut e c. cowardly d. receptive 148. nimble a. sturdy b. sluggish c. thoughtless d. relaxed 149. tranquil a. agitated b. explicit c. sluggish d. composed 150. sprightly a. eager b. lofty c. dull d. local 151. amiable a. dangerous b. permissive c. aloof d. congenial 152. prudent a. rash b. licentious c. libertine d. demonstrative 153. scant a. pellucid b. meager c. copious d. vocal 17 –A N T O N Y M S – 154. steadfast a. envious b. ?ckle c. improvident d. sluggish 155. stringent a. obese b. lax c. obtuse d. ?uid 18 C H A P T E R 3 156. Rational is most similar to a. eliberate. b. invalid. c. prompt. d. sound. 157. Attribute is most similar to a. quality. b. penalty. c. speech. d. admission. Synonyms and Antonyms Read each question carefully and select the word that is most similar or most dissimilar in meaning to the word provided. 158. Subdue is most similar to a. conquer. b. complain. c. deny. d. respect. 159. Animated is most similar to a. abbreviated. b. civil. c. secret . d. lively. 19 –S Y N O N Y M S A N D A N T O N Y M S – 160. Awe is most dissimilar to a. contempt. b. reverence. c. valor. d. distortion. 161. Intricate is most similar to a. delicate. b. costly. c. prim. d. omplex. 162. Skeptic is most dissimilar to a. innovator. b. friend. c. politician. d. believer. 163. Hypothetical is most dissimilar to a. uncritical. b. actual. c. speci? c. d. imaginary. 164. Enhance is most dissimilar to a. diminish. b. improve. c. digress. d. deprive. 165. Manipulate is most similar to a. simplify. b. deplete. c. nurture. d. handle. 166. Subjective is most dissimilar to a. invective. b. objectionable. c. unbiased. d. obedient. 167. Succinct is most dissimilar to a. distinct. b. laconic. c. feeble. d. verbose. 168. Enthusiastic is most similar to a. adamant. b. available. c. cheerful. d. eager. 169. Adequate is most similar to a. suf? cient. b. mediocre. c. pro? cient. d. average. 170. Uniform is most dissimilar to a. dissembling. b. diverse. c. bizarre. d. slovenly. 171. Ecstatic is most similar to a. inconsistent. b. positive. c. wild. d. thrilled. 20 –S Y N O N Y M S A N D A N T O N Y M S – 172. Affect is most similar to a. accomplish. b. cause. c. sicken. d. in? uence. 173. Wary is most dissimilar to a. alert. b. leery. c. worried. d. careless. 174. Novel is most dissimilar to a. dangerous. b. unsettled. c. suitable. d. old. 175. Continuous is most similar to a. intermittent. b. adjacent. c. uninterrupted. d. contiguous. 76. Courtesy is most similar to a. civility. b. congruity. c. conviviality. d. rudeness. 177. Fallacy is most dissimilar to a. truth. b. blessing. c. weakness. d. fable. 178. Frail is most similar to a. vivid. b. delicate. c. robust. d. adaptable. 179. Recuperate is most similar to a. recover. b. endorse. c. persist. d. worsen. 180. Subsequent is most dissimilar to a. necessary. b. insigni? cant. c. primary. d. previous. 181. Nonchalant is most dissimilar to a. intelligent. b. popular. c. concerned. d. reckless. 182. Hoax is most similar to a. logic. b. crusade. c. embargo. d. ruse. 183. Composure is most similar to a. agitation. . poise. c. liveliness. d. stimulation. 21 –S Y N O N Y M S A N D A N T O N Y M S – 184. Excise is most dissimilar to a. sleep. b. retain. c. organize. d. staple. 185. Disperse is most dissimilar to a. gather. b. agree. c. praise. d. satisfy. 186. Eccentric is most similar to a. normal. b. frugal. c. peculiar. d. selective. 187. Commendable is most similar to a. admirable. b. accountable. c. irresponsible. d. noticeable. 188. Domain is most similar to a. entrance. b. rebellion. c. formation. d. territory. 189. Passive is most similar to a. inactive. b. emotional. c. lively. d. woeful. 190. Liberate is most dissimilar to a. onserve. b. restrain. c. attack. d. ruin. 191. Faltering is most dissimilar to a. steady. b. adoring. c. explanatory. d. reluctant. 192. Vast is most similar to a. attentive. b. immense. c. steady. d. slight. 193. Comply is most similar to a. subdue. b. entertain. c. ?atter. d. obey. 194. Optimum is most dissimilar to a. mediocre. b. victorious. c. worst. d. rational. 195. Enlighten is most similar to a. relocate. b. confuse. c. comply. d. teach. 22 –S Y N O N Y M S A N D A N T O N Y M S – 196. Tedious is most dissimilar to a. stimulating. b. alarming. c. intemperate. d. tranquil. 197. Exonerate is most dissimilar to a. inimize. b. respect. c. irritate. d. blame. 198. Ephemeral is most dissimilar to a. internal. b. enduring. c. temporary. d. hidden. 199. Predecessor is most dissimilar to a. successor. b. antecedent. c. descendant. d. ancestor. 200. Refrain is most similar to a. desist. b. secure. c. glimpse. d. persevere. 201. Affable is most dissimilar to a. disagreeable. b. hollow. c. simple. d. eager. 202. Rigorous is most s imilar to a. demanding. b. tolerable. c. lenient. d. disorderly. 203. Orient is most dissimilar to a. confuse. b. arouse. c. deter. d. simplify. 204. Levitate is most dissimilar to a. plod. b. undulate. c. whisper. d. ink. 205. Oblivious is most similar to a. visible. b. sinister. c. conscious. d. unaware. 206. Verify is most similar to a. disclose. b. con? rm. c. refute. d. unite. 207. Pacify is most dissimilar to a. complicate. b. dismiss. c. excite. d. atomize. 23 –S Y N O N Y M S A N D A N T O N Y M S – 208. Plausible is most dissimilar to a. insuf? cient. b. apologetic. c. unbelievable. d. credible. 209. Idle is most similar to a. working. b. effective. c. immobile. d. functional. 210. Avid is most dissimilar to a. partial. b. unenthusiastic. c. equal. d. unkind. 211. Meek is most dissimilar to a. mild. b. painful. c. forceful. d. olite. 212. Complacent is most dissimilar to a. concerned. b. pleasant. c. happy. d. convinced. 213. Ambiguous is most dissimilar to a. apathetic. b. certain. c. equivocal. d. inde? nite. 214. Confer is most similar to a. con? de. b. consult. c. refuse. d. promise. 215. Repast is most similar to a. meal. b. debt. c. book. d. goal. 216. Esteem is most dissimilar to a. disrespect. b. disregard. c. dissent. d. disabuse. 217. Eloquent is most dissimilar to a. shabby. b. ?uent. c. inarticulate. d. plain. 218. Apathetic is most similar to a. pitiable. b. indifferent. c. suspicious. d. evasive. 219. Deterrent is most dissimilar to a. ncouragement. b. obstacle. c. proponent. d. discomfort. 24 –S Y N O N Y M S A N D A N T O N Y M S – 220. Impertinent is most dissimilar to a. animated. b. rude. c. relentless. d. polite. 221. Augment is most similar to a. repeal. b. evaluate. c. increase. d. criticize. 222. Ludicrous is most dissimilar to a. absurd. b. somber. c. reasonable. d. charitable. 223. Archaic is most dissimilar to a. tangible. b. modern. c. ancient. d. haunted. 224. Incredulous is most similar to a. fe arful. b. outraged. c. inconsolable. d. disbelieving. 225. Vindictive is most similar to a. outrageous. b. insulting. c. spiteful. d. offensive. 226. Sullen is most dissimilar to a. morose. b. impetuous. c. provocative. d. jovial. 227. Menial is most similar to a. lowly. b. boring. c. dangerous. d. rewarding. 228. Panacea is most similar to a. cure. b. result. c. cause. d. necessity. 229. Taut is most dissimilar to a. neutral. b. relaxed. c. rigid. d. vague. 230. Rile is most dissimilar to a. appease. b. prosper. c. oppress. d. irk. 231. Glib is most similar to a. angry. b. insulting. c. dishonest. d. insincere. 25 –S Y N O N Y M S A N D A N T O N Y M S – 232. Mar is most dissimilar to a. delineate. b. bolster. c. clarify. d. repair. 233. Cognizant is most similar to a. conscious. . educated. c. mysti? ed. d. confused. 234. Mediate is most similar to a. ponder. b. interfere. c. reconcile. d. dissolve. 235. Concurrent is most similar to a. incidental. b. simultaneous. c. apprehensive. d. substantial. 236. Induce is most similar to a. prompt. b. withdraw. c. presume. d. represent. 237. Intrepid is most dissimilar to a. belligerent. b. consistent. c. chivalrous. d. fearful. 238. Saturate is most similar to a. deprive. b. construe. c. soak. d. verify. 239. Methodical is most dissimilar to a. erratic. b. deliberate. c. hostile. d. deformed. 240. Latent is most dissimilar to a. slow. b. tardy. c. dormant. d. ctive. 241. Proscribe is most similar to a. measure. b. recommend. c. detect. d. forbid. 242. Prevarication is most dissimilar to a. accolade. b. veracity. c. deprecation. d. mendacity. 243. Mirth is most dissimilar to a. pallor. b. solemnity. c. penury. d. lethargy. 26 –S Y N O N Y M S A N D A N T O N Y M S – 244. Surreptitious is most similar to a. expressive. b. secretive. c. emotional. d. artistic. 245. Trepidation is most dissimilar to a. distribution. b. agitation. c. fearlessness. d. uniformity. 27 C H A P T E R 4 246. a. con? rmed b. tentative c. de? nite d. conclusive 247. a. implied b. distinct c. explicit d. forthright Verbal Classi? cation For the following questions, choose the word that does not belong with the others. 248. a. premeditated b. rehearsed c. spontaneous d. calculated 249. a. rampant b. restrained c. widespread d. pervasive 250. a. ?exible b. rigid c. supple d. limber 29 –V E R B A L C L A S S I F I C A T I O N – 251. a. subdue b. crush c. suppress d. provoke 252. a. comprise b. compose c. exclude d. constitute 253. a. in? nitesimal b. in? nite c. immense d. vast 254. a. heroism b. incompetence c. prowess d. mastery 255. a. rasping b. grating c. abrasive d. polished 256. a. comely b. deformed c. grotesque d. repulsive 257. a. eceptive b. intolerant c. compassionate d. amenable 258. a. sloppy b. disheveled c. orderly d. unkempt 259. a. word for word b. exact c. verbatim d. paraphrased 260. a. recklessly b. carefully c. warily d. prudently 261. a. destitute b. poverty-stricken c. af? uent d. impoverished 262. a. dour b. inviting c. welcoming d. cheery 263. a. clumsy b. n imble c. all thumbs d. maladroit 264. a. compliment b. ridicule c. deride d. gibe 265. a. deprived b. bereft c. replete d. bereaved 266. a. resolve b. fortitude c. mettle d. timidity 30 –V E R B A L C L A S S I F I C A T I O N – 267. a. submissive b. obedient c. acquiescent d. of? cious 268. . pro? cient b. inept c. deft d. adroit 269. a. felicitous b. inopportune c. inappropriate d. ill-timed 270. a. vex b. aggravate c. mollify d. agitate 271. a. stately b. abject c. lowly d. humble 272. a. mercenary b. venal c. honest d. corruptible 273. a. pinnacle b. perigee c. summit d. acme 274. a. demur b. concur c. consent d. accede 275. a. replica b. permutation c. facsimile d. reproduction 276. a. pernicious b. toxic c. innocuous d. virulent 277. a. stentorian b. booming c. thundering d. tranquil 278. a. permissive b. lenient c. indulgent d. implacable 279. a. bedlam b. pandemonium c. repose d. tumult 280. a. stimulating b. omnolent c. sopori? c d. hypnotic 281. a. impassione d b. vehement c. emphatic d. apathetic 282. a. savory b. distasteful c. piquant d. aromatic 31 –V E R B A L C L A S S I F I C A T I O N – 283. a. dissent b. sanction c. concur d. assent 284. a. devout b. fervent c. zealous d. dispirited 32 C H A P T E R 5 Analogies Many kinds of academic and work-related tests include analogies. Analogies are comparisons. To answer an analogy question, look for a relationship between the ? rst set of words. Then, look for a similar relationship in the second set of words. For the following questions, choose the answer that best completes the comparison. 85. polite : gracious :: cordial : ________ a. courteous b. con? dent c. comfortable d. bold 286. embarrassed : humiliated :: frightened : ________ a. courageous b. agitated c. terri? ed d. reckless 287. scarcely : mostly :: quietly : ________ a. secretly b. rudely c. loudly d. silently 288. candid : indirect :: honest : ________ a. frank b. wicked c. truthful d. devious 33 –A N A L O G I E S – 289. control : dominate :: magnify : ________ a. enlarge b. preserve c. decrease d. divide 290. exactly : precisely :: evidently : ________ a. positively b. apparently c. narrowly d. unquestionably 291. meaningful : insigni? ant :: essential : ________ a. basic b. important c. unremarkable d. unnecessary 292. simple : complex :: trivial : ________ a. inconspicuous b. signi? cant c. permanent d. irrelevant 293. neophyte : novice :: pursuit : ________ a. passion b. restraint c. quest d. speed 294. regard : esteem :: ambivalence : ________ a. uncertainty b. withdrawal c. resemblance d. injustice 295. elated : despondent :: enlightened : ________ a. aware b. tolerant c. miserable d. ignorant 296. divulge : conceal :: conform : ________ a. construe b. differ c. retain d. offer 297. restrain : curb :: recant : ________ a. foretell b. retract c. ntertain d. resent 298. admire : despise :: praise : ________ a. ravage b. surrender c. admonish d. warn 299. advance : ret reat :: curtail : ________ a. damage b. discard c. consume d. prolong 300. implant : embed :: expel : ________ a. beseech b. oust c. accept d. examine 34 –A N A L O G I E S – 301. assemble : convene :: categorize : ________ a. systematize b. dismiss c. congregate d. alternate 302. grind : crush :: demolish : ________ a. divulge b. check c. pulverize d. steam 303. continuation : sequel :: scheme : ________ a. supplication b. management c. aftermath d. plot 304. phase : segment :: epoch : ________ a. ocument b. institution c. era d. emotion 305. declare : af? rm :: cringe : ________ a. scorn b. cower c. reason d. arrange 306. ally : enemy :: anonymity : ________ a. restraint b. wealth c. fame d. anxiety 307. personable : agreeable :: friendly : ________ a. genial b. skillful c. willful d. relevant 308. heterogeneous : mixed :: profuse : ________ a. lush b. timid c. scarce d. painful 309. trust : suspicion :: doubt : ________ a. aperture b. reliance c. method d. saga 310. hide : ? aunt :: forget : ________ a. sympathetic b. unappreciative c. retain d. unsociable 311. disclose : reveal :: intimate : ________ a. orbid b. denounce c. announce d. suggest 312. conceal : obscure :: procrastinate : ________ a. anticipate b. relinquish c. delay d. pretend 35 –A N A L O G I E S – 313. ornate : plain :: blithe : ________ a. generous b. morose c. pretentious d. fervent 314. futile : vain :: covert : ________ a. secret b. grand c. seductive d. habitual 315. opposing : differing :: candid : ________ a. conclusive b. strict c. credible d. frank 316. expeditiously : swiftly :: diligently : ________ a. openly b. persistently c. increasingly d. vividly 317. antics : actions :: banter : ________ a. deference b. repartee c. pranks d. candor 318. bstinate : stubborn :: staunch : ________ a. oppressive b. ominous c. faithful d. arrogant 319. persistent : persevering :: spurious : ________ a. false b. dejected c. delightful d. abundant 320. broadcast : obsc ure :: welcome : ________ a. prostrate b. promontory c. strengthen d. eject 321. enthusiastic : blase :: upright : ________ a. deplore b. prone c. unlikely d. passionate 322. sedate : sober :: prim : ________ a. staid b. convalescent c. elaborate d. clairvoyant 323. courtier : aristocrat :: unknown : ________ a. noble b. celebrity c. nonentity d. icon 324. nourish : foster :: abolish : ________ a. continue b. undergo c. aintain d. annul 36 –A N A L O G I E S – 325. undermine : bolster :: reinforce : ________ a. infringe b. boost c. weaken d. forego 326. skim : peruse :: delve : ________ a. scrutinize b. scan c. validate d. memorize 327. comical : witty :: humorous : ________ a. ghostly b. plunging c. facetious d. engraved 328. intersect : diverge :: ratify : ________ a. conceal b. promote c. determine d. nullify 329. proclaim : announce :: restrict : ________ a. invalidate b. stint c. convince d. mystify 330. barter : swap :: irritate : ________ a. annoy b. engage c. a ppoint d. employ 331. design : devise :: upbraid : ________ a. praise b. cclimate c. reprimand d. contrive 332. accord : understanding :: conversion : ________ a. modi? cation b. transition c. concurrence d. con? rmation 333. taint : decontaminate :: enrage : ________ a. provoke b. delve c. rely d. appease 334. judicious : prudent :: wise : ________ a. ill-mannered b. astute c. sophisticated d. satis? ed 335. arbitrator : mediator :: referee : ________ a. manager b. boor c. umpire d. director 336. ensue : follow :: precede : ________ a. pursue b. monitor c. track d. herald 37 –A N A L O G I E S – 337. courage : valor :: chivalry : ________ a. autonomy b. gallantry c. cowardice d. freedom 338. egale : amuse :: impart : ________ a. conceal b. withhold c. bestow d. chance 339. pivotal : crucial :: conventional : ________ a. respectable b. loathsome c. admirable d. conservative 340. fallacy : misconception :: fact : ________ a. logic b. judgment c. evidence d. verdict 341. gratuitous : expensive :: sedentary : ________ a. active b. legitimate c. stable d. selective 342. hypocrite : phony :: lethargy : ________ a. modesty b. stupor c. pride d. disappointment 343. revere : venerate :: esteem : ________ a. deny b. disdain c. respect d. proclaim 344. re? ned : plebeian :: selective : ________ a. unjust b. indiscriminate c. ultivated d. ordinary 345. improbable : plausible :: stable : ________ a. designated b. unilateral c. volatile d. farfetched 346. immoral : ethical :: insuf? cient : ________ a. unscrupulous b. dishonest c. inert d. ample 347. distance : proximity :: economical : ________ a. prodigal b. lenient c. bereft d. dishonest 348. shocked : aghast :: skittish : ________ a. innovative b. restive c. dynamic d. enterprising 38 –A N A L O G I E S – 349. deprivation : af? uence :: capitulation : ________ a. resistance b. potency c. indigence d. complacency 350. dupe : deceive :: exculpate : ________ a. falsify b. disappear c. invade d. bsolve 351. ostracize : banish :: consequence : ________ a. truth b. repercussion c. ritual d. restitution 352. churlish : surly :: steadfast : ________ a. sly b. assertive c. shy d. resolute 353. indirect : forthright :: unashamed : ________ a. evasive b. deceitful c. abashed d. detached 354. superlative : abysmal :: atrocious : ________ a. pallid b. haggard c. sharp d. noble 355. impending : imminent :: calamitous : ________ a. disastrous b. fortunate c. bene? cial d. salutary 356. implant : infuse :: inculcate : ________ a. demand b. instill c. transplant d. consider 357. foreboding : premonition :: qualm : ________ a. onviction b. assurance c. guarantee d. misgiving 358. milieu : environment :: culture : ________ a. commencement b. departure c. customs d. dismay 359. downcast : jaunty :: despondent : ________ a. reticent b. taciturn c. jubilant d. indomitable 360. enumerate : cite :: disregard : ________ a. ignore b. contain c. list d. ?le 39 –A N A L O G I E S – 361. ?ashy : garish :: gaudy : ________ a. re? ned b. muted c. tawdry d. subdued 362. traitor : deserter :: renegade : ________ a. diehard b. driver c. loyalist d. insurgent 363. etiquette : protocol :: statute : ________ a. decree b. promotion c. modicum d. contradiction 364. rominent : conspicuous :: gaunt : ________ a. haggard b. elated c. ostentatious d. familiar 365. outlandish : conservative :: reserved : ________ a. modest b. garrulous c. appeased d. failed 366. belief : doctrine :: hesitation : ________ a. desecration b. communication c. vacillation d. transportation 367. amateur : novice :: representative : ________ a. opposition b. proxy c. author d. philosopher 368. skyrocket : plummet :: diminish : ________ a. withdraw b. retreat c. augment d. control 369. excitable : stoical :: delighted : ________ a. rankled b. con? ned c. restrained d. entertained 370. mendicant : vagabond :: scavenger : ________ a. cout b. recipient c. forager d. explorer 371. friendship : amity :: e nmity : ________ a. companionship b. camaraderie c. chaos d. animosity 372. indiscernible : perceptible :: incalculable : ________ a. genuine b. in? nitesimal c. serious d. solemn 40 –A N A L O G I E S – 373. veritable : actual :: specious : ________ a. sanctimonious b. overdone c. false d. roomy 374. anxiety : trepidation :: lethargy : ________ a. vitality b. mutuality c. empathy d. lassitude 375. absorbed : engrossed :: bored : ________ a. unrealistic b. inured c. excluded d. stulti? ed 376. involvement : aloofness :: clumsiness : ________ a. ?nesse b. ndecision c. authority d. awkwardness 377. incoherent : articulate :: ? uent : ________ a. eloquent b. halting c. lethargic d. expressive 378. shiftless : lackadaisical :: hardworking : ________ a. sloppy b. careless c. assiduous d. slipshod 379. pert : lively :: impudent : ________ a. insolent b. gloomy c. morose d. sullen 380. native : foreign :: commonplace : ________ a. routine b. exotic c. ordinary d. mundane 381. compassionate : insensitive :: conceited : ________ a. disarming b. pretentious c. modest d. unassuming 382. characteristic : attribute :: ingredient : ________ a. component b. recipe c. vegetarian d. ormula 383. capricious : whimsical :: shrewd : ________ a. cruel b. different c. grateful d. astute 41 –A N A L O G I E S – 384. gluttonous : abstentious :: complimentary : ________ a. prominent b. permissive c. disparaging d. calculating 385. yielding : submissive :: tractable : ________ a. amenable b. unruly c. refractory d. obstreperous 42 S E C T I O N 2 T Vocabulary in Context in this section test your skills in identifying vocabulary in context. 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The car rental company considered the scratches on the driver’s door to be caused by a minor ________. a. mishap b. coercion c. in? ltration d. quirk 388. Being a direct relative of the deceased, her claim to the estate was ________. a. optional b. vicious c. prominent d. legitimate 45 –S E N T E N C E C O M P L E T I O N – 389. The hail ________ the corn? eld until the entire crop was lost. a. belittled b. pummeled c. rebuked d. ommended 390. The Earth Day committee leader placed large garbage bins in the park to ________ Saturday’s cleanup. a. confound b. pacify c. integrate d. facilitate 391. Her rapport with everyone in the of? ce ________ the kind of interpersonal skills that all of the employees appreciated. a. prevailed b. diverged c. exempli? ed d. dele gated 392. 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Precariously c. Gingerly d. Wantonly 46 –S E N T E N C E C O M P L E T I O N – 399. For the ? rst assignment of the fall term, the students in Professor Norman’s English 101 class had to write a/an ________ to summarize the short story they had read. a. reconciliation b. acronym c. precis d. proclamation 400. She pretended to be ________ about her upcoming performance, but secretly she was very excited. a. agitated b. receptive c. candid d. blase 401. We were tired when we reached the ________, but the spectacular view of

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Contract law, - Case Study Example Date of contract: The date should be provided very clearly on the contract that is agreed between the two parties. Names of Parties involved: The names as well as their implied expressions should be mentioned very clearly in the contract. Details of Services: The exchange of services should be very clearly documented - under within scope. For more clarity, an out of scope section should be mentioned. Payment amounts & terms: The payment amounts (including mode of payment, taxes and interest/penalties if any) should be clearly mentioned. Deadlines: All deadlines should be clearly mentioned in the contract. Expiration Date: The expiration date of the contract should be very clearly mentioned which shall be treated as an automatic end of contract even if written exchanges have not occurred. Damages against breach: The damages against breaches as per the provisions of law within the jurisdiction where the contract is signed should be included if agreed. Termination conditions: The conditions against which the contract is terminated should be clearly mentioned and should again be as per the provisions of the law. Signatures: Both parties should sign on all pages and the end of the contract. It is mandatory to include signatures of number of witnesses as required by the law of the land. A typical contract is presented in the following sample: This Agreement (hereafter referred to as "Agreement") is made on the ___________ day of _________, by and between: , a company registered under Companies Act , having its registered office at , through its authorised signatory, Mr./Ms. (hereinafter called "Company" which expression shall where the context so admits...Verbal contracts cannot be proved in the courts of law unless recorded on a valid machine and experts prove that the voices are of the representatives of the two parties (some call telemarketing companies use this mechanism when selling goods/services over phone). Both parties should sign on every page of the contract and on the last page which also needs to include more details (like designation, full address, etc.). Contracts can be executed on plain papers, stamp papers, E-mails and approved contracting applications. Normally, every contract should have the following content: , a company registered under Companies Act , having its registered office at , through its authorised signatory, Mr./Ms. (hereinafter called "Company" which expression shall where the context so admits include its successors and assigns), of the First Part; , a company registered under Companies Act , having its registered office at , through its authorised signatory, Mr./Ms. (hereinafter called ">" which expression shall where the context so admits include its successors and permitted assigns), of the Second Part. The courts shall look into all the terms and the t

Medical Financial definition of terms Research Paper

Medical Financial definition of terms - Research Paper Example The PMPM is used in the analysis of the parameters of the different health status of the patients. The PMPM feed paid to the health home care providers is determined by several factors (Wodchis, Hirth & Fries, 2007). The health home program in the New York Medicaid adjusts the PMPM that is paid to the health care providers according to the enrollment volume, region, and the case mix. There are plans to incorporate the patient’s functional status in the near future by the New York Medicaid program as one of the determinants of the consideration in paying the Health Home providers. The New York Medicaid program provides for payment of a case finding Per Member per Month bill, which is a cheaper amount. â€Å"The case finding PMPM is provided during the first few weeks of the program to cater for reimbursement of engagement and outreach services† (Centers for Medicare and Medicaid services, 2011). The provisions of the New York Medicaid are that the billing of active medic al care management of the enrolled patients is only made when a health care manager is assigned to the patient. â€Å"The New York Medicaid health home program has various managed care plans, which give the guidelines for the payment if the contracted medical professionals† (Centers for Medicare and Medicaid services, 2011). ... cost of medical care in Medicaid, the capitalization is used to ensure that all medical expenses including the payment of the providers and the expenses of purchase of drugs are paid for and accounted for (Centers for Medicare and Medicaid services, 2011). Acuity score in Case Management Medicaid â€Å"The term acuity score in case management stands for the levels into which patients are assigned depending on their health status† (Sparer, Brown & Cover, 1999). In Medicaid, a specified criterion is used to categorize patients into levels with point values called equity scores which very according to the life area that the condition of the patient is allocated to. The acuity score of the patient is assigned under two life areas. These are the basic and medical needs. Each one of the life areas has different levels with corresponding points or acuity scores (Sparer, Brown & Cover, 1999). According to Meade and Pope (2007), in Medicaid, the first level of the basic needs life area has one point and it includes various basic needs. These are sustenance items such as clothing and food. The Medicaid provides that the items in this level are made available through the means of the patient. The second level in the basic needs life area has an acuity score of 4 points. The needs in this level are for the sustenance of the patient. According to the provisions of the Medicaid program, the patient should be able to meet these needs with occasional assistance. â€Å"This means that emergence assistance is not required in this level. The assistance needed to perform the ADL by the patient who scores 4 points is usually weekly† (Meade & Pope, 2007). The third level of the basic needs life area is where the acuity score of the patient is six points. At this level, the patient requires

Utilization Management and Models of Care Research Paper

Utilization Management and Models of Care - Research Paper Example It is also a whole person centered approach that offers a comprehensive care strategies for chronic, acute and end of life care. Finally, the PCHM facilitates the integration and coordination of care thus ensuring that the patients receive the best care and services from their medical neighborhood thus improving quality and safety of the services. Health care facilities that have employed the Chronic Care Model have also been able to achieve their quality and safety goals due to the various beneficial elements inherent in the model. Glasgow, Orleans & Wagner (2001) informs that one of the key ways through which the Chronic Care Model facilitates the achievement of quality and safety goals by coordinating the care delivery process and offering clinical decision support. The model coordinated coordinates decisions and actions of different care givers leading to glycemic control, health care utilization and patient satisfaction. Evidence based decision making is vital in the achievement of safety and quality goals (Coleman, Austin, Brach & Wagner, 2009). The model facilitates the incorporation of evidence based practices into various registries and patient assessment tools thus improving the quality of care offered by the care givers. Shojania, K., Kathryn, M., Grimshaw, J., Sundaram, V., Rushakoff, R. (2006). Effects of quality improvement strategies for type 2 diabetes on glycemic control: a meta-regression analysis.  Journal of the American Medical Association  296(4), 427–440.